Cloning vectors are DNA molecules used to carry and replicate a specific gene or DNA fragment in a host cell. They are essential tools in gene cloning. Common types include plasmids, bacteriophages, and cosmids. Vectors have features like an origin of replication (to multiply within the host), selectable markers (for […]
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural biological process where small RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by degrading or blocking the translation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA). It helps regulate gene activity and defends against viral infections in cells. The process involves two main types of small RNA: small interfering RNA […]
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes (sperm and eggs). Unlike mitosis, which results in two genetically identical diploid cells, meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid cells. This reduction in chromosome number is critical for maintaining the species’ chromosome count […]
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms. Mitosis occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells and is part of the […]
Translation is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded into a sequence of amino acids to form a functional protein. This process occurs in the ribosomes, which can be found in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. Translation is the second step in […]