Post-translational modifications occur after protein synthesis. They include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, altering protein structure and function. These modifications regulate protein activity, localization, and stability, […]
Post-transcriptional modification refers to alterations made to mRNA molecules after transcription but before translation in eukaryotic cells. These modifications include 5′ capping, 3′ polyadenylation, and […]
DNA replication in eukaryotes involves initiation at multiple origins, proceeding bidirectionally from replication forks. Enzymes like DNA polymerases synthesize new strands, while helicases unwind the […]
DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the double helix, complementary base pairing, and […]
Translation is the process by which cellular machinery converts the genetic information carried by mRNA into proteins. It occurs in the ribosomes and involves decoding […]
In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm following transcription. The mRNA, after processing, binds to ribosomes, where it is decoded by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules […]
In prokaryotes, translation begins while transcription is ongoing. The mRNA, produced by RNA polymerase, directly binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the […]
In eukaryotes, transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region on DNA, followed by synthesis of a complementary mRNA strand. This pre-mRNA undergoes processing, […]
In prokaryotes, transcription is the process where RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand using one of […]