Hybridoma technology revolutionized biomedical research, enabling the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high specificity and uniformity. By fusing B cells with myeloma cells, hybridomas […]
Cells are the fundamental units of life, constituting the structural and functional basis of all living organisms. Each cell carries genetic information, exhibits specialized functions, […]
Caspases are a family of enzymes that play a central role in apoptosis, the programmed cell death process. They act as proteases, cleaving specific cellular […]
Cellular necrosis refers to the premature death of cells due to irreversible damage or injury. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane rupture, and the […]
The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is an external stimuli induced signaling mechanism that initiates programmed cell death. It involves the binding of death ligands, such […]
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis is an internal cellular process triggered by various signals, such as DNA damage or cellular stress. It involves the release […]
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs naturally in multicellular organisms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and removing damaged […]
Mutagen is any agent that causes genetic mutations, which are changes in an organism’s DNA sequence. Mutations can occur naturally or as a result of […]
Stomata are tiny pores found on the leaves and stems of plants, which are responsible for gas exchange and transpiration. In the previous post we […]