IgG (Immunoglobulin G) and IgM (Immunoglobulin M) are types of antibodies produced by the immune system. IgG is the most abundant antibody, providing long-term immunity against pathogens, while IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, providing initial defines. Both play crucial roles in the body’s immune response to protect against diseases. […]
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Mechanisms of Genetic Recombination in Bacteria and its Significance
Genetic recombination is a fundamental process in the world of microbiology, playing a pivotal role in bacterial evolution and adaptation. Bacteria, despite their simple unicellular structure, possess remarkable genetic diversity and adaptability. This is primarily due to their ability to engage in genetic recombination. This process allows bacteria to acquire new genetic material, exchange genetic […]
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How to Perform Cladistic Analysis?
Cladistics is a phylogenetic classification method based on shared evolutionary traits, emphasizing common ancestry and phylogenetic relationships among organisms. Performing a cladistic analysis of a group of taxa involves a systematic process of character coding, character state identification, and the construction of a cladogram (phylogenetic tree). Here are the basic steps to the Methodology of […]
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Cladistics: Principles and Applications
What is Cladistics? Cladistics is a widely used method in the field of biology for deducing the evolutionary history and relationships among species. This article explores the principles, methods, applications, and significance of cladistics in understanding the complex web of life on Earth with a focus on its historical development, key concepts, modern applications, and […]
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Structure of Nipah Virus
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen that has caused outbreaks in several Asian countries. Nipah belongs to the genus Henipavirus. The virus was named after the Malaysian village where it was first identified in 1999. With its high mortality rate and potential for human-to-human transmission, Nipah virus poses a significant threat to public health. […]
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