Reduced coenzymes, such as NADH and FADH2, are molecules that carry electrons and hydrogen ions during cellular respiration. They are formed when NAD+ and FAD gain electrons (are reduced) during metabolic reactions like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, facilitating ATP production in the electron transport chain. This is an MCQ […]
The link reaction, or pyruvate decarboxylation, is the process where pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria. Pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. This is an MCQ on Link Reaction of Respiration or […]
The electron transport system (ETS) is a series of protein complexes and electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, producing water. This process generates a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. This is an MCQ on Electron Transport […]
The CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) cycle is a photosynthetic adaptation in some plants allowing them to fix CO₂ at night, storing it as malic acid. During the day, CO₂ is released for photosynthesis. This conserves water, making it ideal for arid environments. This is an MCQ on CAM Cycle with […]
The C4 cycle (Hatch and Slack Pathway) is a photosynthetic process in some plants where CO₂ is initially fixed into a four-carbon compound. This adaptation minimizes photorespiration and enhances efficiency by concentrating CO₂ around RuBisCO, enabling better performance under high light intensity, high temperatures, and low CO₂ conditions. This is […]