Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA in cells. It occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes decode mRNA sequences. This process involves three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Ribosomes, tRNAs, and various enzymes play crucial roles in translation. It is essential for gene expression and cellular function. […]
Chromosomes are structures composed of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Each chromosome contains many genes that determine hereditary traits. Chromosomes are visible during cell division when they condense and become distinguishable under […]
The lac operon is a well-studied gene regulatory system in Escherichia coli (E. coli) that controls the metabolism of lactose. It consists of structural genes, a promoter, an operator, and a regulatory gene. The operon is activated in the presence of lactose and repressed when lactose is absent. It serves […]
The genetic code is a set of rules by which cells translate nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences to form proteins. It consists of codons, which are groups of three nucleotides that specify particular amino acids. The code is nearly universal across all organisms, highlighting its evolutionary significance. Redundancy exists […]
Pyrosequencing is a widely used DNA sequencing technique that relies on detecting pyrophosphate (PPi) release during DNA synthesis. This method is different from the common chain termination approach as us ed in Sanger sequencing. Pyrosequencing offers real-time sequencing and is especially useful for shorter DNA fragments. It is very useful […]