A photosystem is a protein-pigment complex found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, essential for photosynthesis. It captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy. Each photosystem consists of two main parts: the antenna complex, which gathers light energy, and the reaction center, where photochemistry occurs. […]
The Calvin Cycle, also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle, is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It uses carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to produce glucose and other carbohydrates. The cycle begins with the enzyme RuBisCO fixing carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate […]
A molecular clock is a method used in evolutionary biology to estimate the timing of evolutionary events. It assumes that genetic mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate over time. By comparing DNA, RNA, or protein sequences between different species, scientists can determine the number of mutations and infer the […]
Allopatric Speciation and Sympatric Speciation are two major modes of speciation, the process by which new species arise. These two types differ in terms of geographic isolation and the mechanisms that drive the speciation process. Allopatric Speciation occurs when a population is geographically separated into two or more isolated groups […]
Homology and analogy are key concepts in evolutionary biology that describe the relationship between structures in different organisms. Both terms refer to similarities, but the origins and functions of the structures differ. Homology refers to traits that are similar due to shared ancestry. These structures may not necessarily perform the […]