High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPL instrumentation includes a solvent reservoir, pump, injector, column, detector, and data system. The pump delivers the mobile phase through the column, where sample components separate. The detector measures the separated components, converting signals into data for analysis. HPLC is crucial in chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological research. […]
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an advanced analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. HPLC involves a liquid mobile phase that carries the sample through a column packed with a stationary phase. Components in the sample interact differently with the stationary phase, leading to their […]
Probability is a measure of the likelihood or chance that a particular event will occur. It is quantified as a number between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates that the event will not occur, and 1 indicates certainty that the event will occur. In mathematical terms, the probability of an […]
Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. It is quantified using the correlation coefficient, which ranges from -1 to 1. A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, while -1 indicates a perfect negative linear relationship. […]
The chi-square test is a statistical method used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables. It compares the observed frequencies in each category with the expected frequencies if there were no association. The test calculates the chi-square statistic, which measures how much the observed frequencies […]
The arithmetic mean, commonly referred to as the mean, is a measure of central tendency that represents the average value of a dataset. It is calculated by summing all the values in the dataset and then dividing by the number of values. For example, in the dataset [2, 4, 6, […]
Regression is a statistical method used to analyse the relationship between two or more variables. It helps determine how the dependent variable changes when one or more independent variables are modified. The most common form is linear regression, where the relationship is modelled with a straight line (y = mx […]
Standard deviation is a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data values. It indicates how much individual data points differ from the mean (average) of the dataset. A low standard deviation means that the data points are close to the mean, while […]
The median is a statistical measure that represents the middle value in a data set when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order. If the data set has an odd number of observations, the median is the single middle value. If the data set has an even number […]