The CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins) system is a revolutionary genome editing tool in molecular biology. It enables precise modification of DNA sequences in living organisms, allowing for gene insertion, deletion, or replacement. Cas proteins, guided by RNA molecules, target specific DNA sequences for modification, […]
Cre-lox recombination is a genetic engineering technique used to manipulate DNA in living organisms. It involves the enzyme Cre recombinase, which recognizes specific DNA sequences (loxP sites) to excise, insert, or invert genetic segments. It is valuable for conditional gene knockout and controlled gene expression in research and biotechnology. This […]
The central dogma of molecular biology is a fundamental concept that describes the flow of genetic information in cells. It states that DNA encodes genetic instructions, which are transcribed into RNA, and then translated into proteins. This unidirectional process governs how genetic information is used to build and regulate living […]
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides containing four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). DNA serves as a blueprint for the development, functioning, and reproduction of cells and […]
RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is a molecule essential for various biological processes. It consists of a single strand of nucleotides, including adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). RNA plays a central role in protein synthesis, gene expression, and carries genetic information in some viruses. This is an […]
A nucleosome is the basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. It consists of a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. Nucleosomes help condense and organize DNA, regulating access for processes like transcription and DNA replication. This is an MCQ on Nucleosome Model and Organization of […]
Retroviruses are a type of RNA virus that can reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA using the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is integrated into the host cell’s genome, potentially causing long-lasting infections. HIV is a well-known example of a retrovirus. This is an MCQ on Retrovirus – Example […]
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells (T cells), weakening the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases. If left untreated, it can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a severe, often fatal condition. This is an MCQ on HIV Virus Structure […]
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, leading to symptoms ranging from mild respiratory issues to severe pneumoniThe pandemic, first identified in late 2019, has had a global impact on public health and daily life. This is an MCQ on […]