Why Electron Microscopy Matters? The microscopic world extends beyond the reach of light microscopes, which are limited to resolving details down to about 0.2 µm, leaving structures like viruses (20–300 nm) and ribosomes (25–30 nm) invisible. Electron microscopy (EM) overcomes this barrier by using electron beams to achieve much higher […]
Why Microscopy Matters in Biology? Microscopy is a crucial tool in biology, allowing scientists to explore the invisible world of microbes and cells. It reveals structures too small for the naked eye, from bacterial morphology to eukaryotic cell organization. Without microscopes, studying soil bacteria or observing mitosis in onion root […]
Introduction Halophytes are unique plants that thrive in saline habitats where most other plants cannot survive. Found in coastal marshes, mangrove forests, estuaries, and salt deserts, these plants have developed specialized features to cope with high salt concentrations and waterlogged conditions. Among the most studied halophytes is Avicennia, a mangrove […]
Microscopy is one of the most powerful tools in biology, allowing us to visualize structures invisible to the naked eye. For undergraduate and postgraduate students, understanding microscopy techniques is essential for both coursework and research. Among these methods, dark field microscopy is particularly fascinating because it reveals fine details in […]
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify specimens. It provides very high resolution, allowing scientists to see structures at the molecular or atomic level. There are two main types: transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is widely used in biology, […]
Dark field microscopy is a technique that enhances contrast by using a special condenser to block direct light. Only scattered light from the specimen enters the objective lens, making the sample appear bright against a dark background. It is especially useful for observing transparent, unstained, and live specimens. This method […]
A confocal microscope is an advanced optical microscope that uses laser light to scan specimens point by point. It employs a pinhole aperture to block out-of-focus light, producing clearer and sharper images. This technique allows for optical sectioning, enabling 3D reconstruction of samples. Confocal microscopes are widely used in cell […]
A compound microscope is an optical instrument that uses two sets of lenses, the objective and the eyepiece, to magnify small specimens for detailed observation. It provides higher magnification and resolution compared to a simple microscope, making it useful in biology, medicine, and research. The objective lens forms an enlarged […]
Bennettitales (Cycadeoideales) PPT: Bennettitales were an extinct group of seed plants that thrived during the Mesozoic era, especially in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. They resembled modern cycads in appearance, with stout stems and crown-like clusters of tough leaves. Unlike cycads, their reproductive structures were more flower-like, with both male […]