Epistasis is the phenomenon where the expression of one gene is affected by one or more other genes. This interaction can modify or completely mask the phenotypic effects of alleles at another locus. Epistasis is a key aspect of genetic regulation and plays a role in complex traits and disease […]
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA in cells. It occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes decode mRNA sequences. This process involves three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Ribosomes, tRNAs, and various enzymes play crucial roles in translation. It is essential for gene expression and cellular function. […]
Chromosomes are structures composed of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Each chromosome contains many genes that determine hereditary traits. Chromosomes are visible during cell division when they condense and become distinguishable under […]
The lac operon is a well-studied gene regulatory system in Escherichia coli (E. coli) that controls the metabolism of lactose. It consists of structural genes, a promoter, an operator, and a regulatory gene. The operon is activated in the presence of lactose and repressed when lactose is absent. It serves […]
The genetic code is a set of rules by which cells translate nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences to form proteins. It consists of codons, which are groups of three nucleotides that specify particular amino acids. The code is nearly universal across all organisms, highlighting its evolutionary significance. Redundancy exists […]
Pyrosequencing is a widely used DNA sequencing technique that relies on detecting pyrophosphate (PPi) release during DNA synthesis. This method is different from the common chain termination approach as us ed in Sanger sequencing. Pyrosequencing offers real-time sequencing and is especially useful for shorter DNA fragments. It is very useful […]
MCQ on Cloning: Gene cloning is a molecular biology technique used to create identical copies of a specific gene. It involves isolating a gene of interest and inserting it into a vector, typically a plasmid, which is a small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria. This recombinant DNA is then […]
Cloning vectors are DNA molecules used to carry and replicate a specific gene or DNA fragment in a host cell. They are essential tools in gene cloning. Common types include plasmids, bacteriophages, and cosmids. Vectors have features like an origin of replication (to multiply within the host), selectable markers (for […]
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural biological process where small RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by degrading or blocking the translation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA). It helps regulate gene activity and defends against viral infections in cells. The process involves two main types of small RNA: small interfering RNA […]