Next-generation sequencing (NGS) encompasses advanced DNA sequencing technologies capable of high-throughput, parallel sequencing of millions of DNA fragments. This approach revolutionizes genomic research by offering […]
Shotgun sequencing is a method to sequence DNA by randomly breaking it into smaller fragments, sequencing them, and then assembling the overlapping sequences. This approach […]
Pyrosequencing is a DNA sequencing technique that relies on the detection of released pyrophosphate upon nucleotide incorporation. It involves a series of enzymatic reactions, generating […]
Illumina sequencing, a widely used method, employs fluorescently labeled nucleotides and reversible termination to sequence DNA fragments. Through iterative cycles of nucleotide incorporation and imaging, […]
Chargaff’s rule states that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) equals thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) equals guanine (G). This principle […]
Post-translational modifications occur after protein synthesis. They include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation, altering protein structure and function. These modifications regulate protein activity, localization, and stability, […]
Post-transcriptional modification refers to alterations made to mRNA molecules after transcription but before translation in eukaryotic cells. These modifications include 5′ capping, 3′ polyadenylation, and […]
DNA replication in eukaryotes involves initiation at multiple origins, proceeding bidirectionally from replication forks. Enzymes like DNA polymerases synthesize new strands, while helicases unwind the […]
DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division. It involves unwinding the double helix, complementary base pairing, and […]